請問什麼是列舉式書目(enumerative/systematic bibliography) 及分析書目(analytical/critical bibliography: 1.historical bibliography 2.textual bibliography 3.descriptive bibliography

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Enumerative bibliography
A bibliography is a list of writings that share a common factor: this may be a topic， a language， a period， or some other theme. The list may be comprehensive or selective. One particular instance of this is the list of sources used or considered in preparing a work， sometimes called a reference list.

Citation formats vary， but an entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following information:

author(s) 
title 
publisher 
date of publication 
An entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:

author(s) 
article title 
journal title 
volume 
pages 
date of publication 
A bibliography may be arranged by author， topic， or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions， usually a few sentences long， provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.

Bibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However， the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies， as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.

[edit] Analytical bibliography
The critical study of bibliography can be subdivided into descriptive (or physical)， historical， and textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination of a book as a physical object， recording its size， format， binding， and so on， while historical bibliography takes a broader view of the context in which a book is produced， in particular， printing， publishing and bookselling. Textual bibliography is another name for textual criticism.
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1. Enumerative bibliography: the listing of books according to some system or reference plan， for example， by author， by subject， or by date. The implication is that the listings will be short， usually providing only the author's name， the book's title， and date and place of publication. Enumerative bibliography (sometimes called systematic bibliography) attempts to record and list， rather than to describe minutely. Little or no information is likely to be provided about physical aspects of the book such as paper， type， illustrations， or binding. A library's card catalog is an example of an enumerative bibliography， and so is the list at the back of a book of works consulted， or a book like the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature， which catalogues briefly the works of English writers and the important secondary material about them. Many examples of subject-oriented enumerative bibliography are given in G. T. Tanselle's chapter "The Literature of Book Collecting" in this book. 

2. Analytical bibliography: the study of books as physical objects; the details of their production， the effects of the method of manufacture on the text. When Sir Walter Greg called bibliography a science of the transmission of literary documents， he was referring to analytical bibliography. Analytical bibliography may deal with the history of printers and booksellers， with the description of paper or bindings， or with textual matters arising during the progression from writer's manuscript to published book. 

Analytical bibliography (sometimes called critical bibliography) may be divided into several types， as follows: 

Historical Bibliography 
Textual Bibliography 
Descriptive Bibliography 

Historical bibliography: the history of books broadly speaking， and of the persons， institutions， and machines producing them. Historical bibliography may range from technological history to the history of art in its concern with the evidence books provide about culture and society. 
Textual bibliography: the relationship between the printed text as we have it before us， and that text as conceived by its author. Handwriting is often difficult to decipher; compositors make occasional mistakes， and proofreaders sometimes fail to catch them; but (especially in the period before about 1800) we often have only the printed book itself to tell us what the author intended. Textual bibliography (sometimes called textual criticism) tries to provide us with the most accurate text of a writer's work. The equipment of the textual bibliographer is both a profound knowledge of the work of the writer being edited (and of his or her period) and an equally profound knowledge of contemporary printing and publishing practices.
Descriptive bibliography: the close physical description of books. How is the book put together? What sort of type is used and what kind of paper? How are the illustrations incorporated into the book? How is it bound? Like the textual bibliographer， the descriptive bibliographer must have a good working knowledge of the state of the technology of the period in order to describe a book's physical appearance both accurately and economically. Descriptive bibliographies are books that give full physical descriptions of the books they list， enabling us to tell one edition from another and to identify significant variations within a single edition. Good descriptive bibliographies are therefore indispensable to book collectors， whatever their fields of interest and whatever the time period their collections cover. Unfortunately， good descriptive bibliographies do not exist for all fields and for all periods， and， as a result， collectors must frequently do their own spade work， learning enough about the techniques of descriptive bibliography to distinguish among editions， issues， and impressions without outside help. The bulk of this chapter therefore concerns itself with the vocabulary of descriptive bibliography， concentrating on the earlier periods of bookmaking (because a chronological understanding of the structure of books is essential)， but also sketching in the relationship between the handmade and the machine-produced book. 
Analytical bibliography is concerned with the whole study of the physical book: its history， its appearance， and the influence of the manner of production on its text. The three types of analytical bibliography—historical， descriptive， and textual—are all closely interrelated. It is lunatic to attempt to draw overly precise distinctions among them. They are equally important as aids to our understanding of books.